Fritz Pfleumer (Germany), Findings: Audio Tape / Recording Tape.Emil Berliner (Germany / America), Findings: LPs.Otis (United States), Findings: Elevator / Lift Brakes Edward Jenner (UK), Findings: Developing Smallpox Vaccine Research.Diophantus (Greece), Findings: Algebra (author of Arithmetic).Cornelius van Drebbel (Netherlands), Findings: Submarine Dmitri Mendeleev (Russia), Findings: Periodic Table.Christopher Sholes (United States), Discovery: A QWERTY Typewriter, 1868.Christian Buschmann (Germany), Findings: Harmonics and Accordions.Charles Goodyear (United States), Findings: Rubber Tire Vulcanization.Blaise Pascal (France), Findings: Computing Machines.Benjamin Holt (United States), Findings: Tractors.Benjamin Franklin (United States), Finding: Eyeglass Lenses.Artur Fischer (Germany), Findings: Dowel Fischer.Antonio Meucci (Italy), Findings: Telephone (New Version 2002).Antonie van Leeuwenhook (Netherlands), Findings: Lenses.Alfred Nobel (Sweden), Discovery: Dynamite.Albert Einstein (Germany), Findings: Theory of Relativity.Thomas Alva Edison (United States), Finding: Electric Light.Zacharias Janssen, Findings: Microscopes, 1590.Alessandro Volta (Italy), Findings: Batteries.
Rene Laennec (France), Findings: Stethoscope.Johann Philipp Reis (Germany), Findings: Telephone.Johannes Gutenberg (Germany), Findings: The printing press.James Watt (UK), Invention: Steam Engine (1765).Manfred von Ardenne (Germany), Finding: Television.Alexander Graham Bell (United States), Findings: Telephone (Old Version), LPs.Friedrich Karl von Drais (Germany), Finding: Bicycles.Who are they who have rendered services to this world for their findings? Below summarizes the names of the inventors, country of origin and findings. Although some of their findings are not useful for us, many of them are useful and useful for others. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) during World War II realized that plasticity must play a significant role in the fracture of ductile - Today we should be grateful because thanks to these inventors, many benefits have been felt, both directly and indirectly for everyday life.
#Crack theory habibie crack
When the plastic zone at the tip of the crack is small relative to the crack length the stress state at the crack tip is the result of elastic forces within the material and is termed linear elastic fracture mechanics ( LEFM) and can be characterised using the stress intensity factor K still holds, the surface energy ( γ) predicted by Griffith's theory is usually unrealistically high. A number of different parameters have been developed. Fracture mechanics is used to characterise the loads on a crack, typically using a single parameter to describe the complete loading state at the crack tip. Theoretically, the stress ahead of a sharp crack tip becomes infinite and cannot be used to describe the state around a crack. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's resistance to fracture. Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials.
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